Mars Curiosity Rover is Uncovering Martian History

Mars Curiosity Rover is Uncovering Martian History Consistently an automated wanderer about the size of a little vehicle awakens and makes its best course of action over the outside of Mars. Its called the Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory meanderer, investigating around Mount Sharp at the focal point of Gale Crater (an antiquated effect site)â on the Red Planet. Its one of two working meanderers on the Red Planet. The other is the Opportunity meanderer, roosted on the west edge of Endeavor Crater. The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit quit working and is presently quiet following quite a long while of investigation all alone. Every year, Curiositys science group commends another full Martian year of investigation. A Mars year is longer than an Earth year, approximately 687 Earth days, and Curiosity has been carrying out its responsibility since August 6, 2012. It has been a groundbreaking time, uncovering amazing new data about Earths neighbor in the close planetary system. Planetary researchers and future Mars crucial areâ interested in conditions on the planet, especially its capacity to help life. The Search for Martian Water One of the most significant inquiries the Curiosity (and other) missions needs to answer is: what is the historical backdrop of water on Mars? Curiositys instruments and cameras were intended to help answer that. It was fitting at that point, that one of Curiositys first revelations was an antiquated riverbed running underneath the wanderers arrival site. Not far away, at a territory known as Yellowknife Bay, the wanderer dove into two chunks of mudstone (rock framed from mud)â and contemplated tests. The thought was to search for livable zones for basic living things. The investigation gave a distinct indeed, this could have been a spot neighborly to life answer. Examination of the mudstone tests indicated that they were once at the base of a lake loaded up with water wealthy in supplements. That is the sort of spot where life could have shaped and prospered on the early Earth. In the event that Mars had living beings, this would have been a decent home for them, as well.â Where Did the Water Go? One inquiry that keeps coming up is, If Mars had a ton of water before, where did everything go? The appropriate responses propose a scope of spots, from solidified underground supplies to the ice tops. Studies by the MAVEN rocket circling the planet unequivocally bolster the possibility that some scene of water misfortune to spaceâ occurred. This changed the planets climate. Curiosity has estimated different gases in the Martian atmosphereâ and has helped Mars researchers make sense of that a great part of the early environment (which was most likely wetter than now) ran away to space. Later examinations have uncovered underground ice on Mars, and conceivably salty meltwater just underneath the surface in some areas.â Rocks recount to a captivating story of Mars water. Curiosityâ has decided of the times of Martian rocks, and to what extent a stone has been presented to unsafe radiation. Shakes in direct contact with water in the past educate researchers more insights about waters job on Mars. The central issue: when watered stream unreservedly across Mars is as yet unanswered, yet Curiosity is giving information to help answer it soon. Curiosityâ has additionally returned significant data about radiation levels on the Martian surface, which would be significant for guaranteeing the wellbeing of future Mars pilgrims. Future outings go fromâ one-way missionsâ to long haul missions that send and return different teams to and from the Red Planet. Curiositys Future Curiosityâ is as yet running solid, in spite of some harm to one its wheels. That has driven colleagues and shuttle controllers to devise new investigation courses to suit the problem.The crucial one more advance to the possible human investigation of Mars. Likewise with our investigation of Earth over the previous hundreds of years - utilizing advance scoutsâ -this strategic others, similar to the MAVENmission and Indias Mars Orbiter Mission are sending back important word about the domain ahead, and what our first adventurers will discover.

The Stanford Experience Essay Example

The Stanford Experience Essay Criminal equity is a framework at which specialists use toâ keep up social request, control wrongdoings and rebuff the individuals who damage laws. The jail monitors and the jail itself assume an interweaved job in making discipline to the individuals who have submitted a conduct that isn't ethically acknowledged. What's more, regularly, encounters insider a prison will make serious impacts to the individuals who have been detained, and may likewise realize changes in the conduct of the prison watch himself.The changes in the conduct and consistence of the prison monitors and the detainees and how the sentiment of regulation in a jail cell has definitely evolved is found in the Stanford Prison Experiment wherein 18 school young men were taken to assume the jobs of nine watchmen andâ nine detainees. The progressions happened quick that the analysis must be cut at the 6th day as opposed to the first fourteen day experiment.In doing such a fragile examination, that includes the sent iments of the subjects, it must be given that the individuals behind the trial utilizes the logical standards on experiment.On induction, the investigation has prevailing as far as causing the detainees and the gatekeepers to feel that they are surely detainees, in actuality. the circumstance made for the two items were too reasonable that in such a brief timeframe, the detainees and the watchmen built up the feeling of being a genuine jail and a genuine watchman who should carry out their responsibilities in keeping up request in the prison. They have likewise devoured the pretend and later on built up the genuine anguish that genuine detainees feel, and the prison monitors on their part have felt their capacity incontrollable that they will in general maltreatment the position they hold simply like genuine jail watches do. On objectivity, the initial segment of determination was simply objective as the subjects were picked to assume the job of either a detainee or a watchman hapha zardly through a flip coin. Be that as it may, as the investigation advanced, the members endured the sentiment of subjectivity towards their jobs. This subjectivity being a balanced of sympathy towards the job they play.They have so expended that they have assimilated the genuine persona of the job they play. Detainees felt that they are truly detainees and the gatekeepers reacted the way that a genuine prison watchman would have reacted during the action. On distrust, however the specialists knew about the circumstance, they themselves were truly astounded of the result of the task. A proof of this was the first fourteen day plan being sliced short to scarcely seven days in view of the elevated feelings that flooded all through the test. On moral nonpartisanship, as the subjects were picked arbitrarily, they had the option to let them assume the job without inclinations towards the job. With respect to the specialists side, during the entire trial, they were feeling as though they were prison administrators and official as opposed to being a specialist examining the mental impacts of imprisonment.Thus I accept that the trial has passed the guidelines for moral nonpartisanship. On stinginess, I accept that the test has utilized the most assets they could in any event sum. They have utilized negligible assets that just filled in as extemporized for the genuine circumstance they needed to pretend however came about a profoundly exact turn outs with insignificant complex relations. On determinism, each activity done by either side was reacted by another demonstration from the opposite side. Which means, the subjects built up an arrangement of instruments expected to relate to a circumstance that stimulated inside the examination. On distribution, as can be seen in the site, it filled in as an intelligent record of how the analysis turned out. The best possible documentation of the analysis made it feasible for individuals to see and evaluate the turn of events a nd achievement or disappointment of the investigation. (Fitzgerald, pp 36-42)Given these angles, I imagine that the trial has consented well in the logical standards of research. They had the option to effectively extricate genuine realities and genuine anguish of detainees and prison monitors. They had the option to completely depict the circumstance of genuine jail encounters at all controlled route conceivable to them that adds to the validity of the investigation. A proof of this is the way that untouchables (with the end goal of the examination) responded after observing the circumstance of the subjects inside the prison. They as well, built up the inclination that to be sure, their children have become genuine prisoners.Moreover, based on inquire about procedure and moral guidelines, each investigation must keep up moral measures. The analyst must abstain from giving good decisions that may result to being bias.On namelessness and classification, the examination have utilized numbers rather than names for two purposes: one is to strip the detainees their personality and begin to capitulate to the feelings of being a genuine detainee, and the other is to keep their character out from general society, that lone the scientists know the genuine personality of their subjects. On hazard and deliberate educated assent, the subjects of the preliminary experienced a strategy of â€Å"audition† for the â€Å"role†. The scientists presented an advertisement on draw in potential subjects for the investigation. What's more, when these school individuals came, they went however a progression of testing to guarantee that they realize what they were doing and they were set up for the risks that being a subject of the examination involved. On double dealing in look into, I imagine that the analysis didn't utilize such, as the subjects of the examination were given subtleties of what the investigation is attempting to demonstrate. Prior to hand, the subjects were advised of the set up that they needed to experience for the examination. On sharing the outcomes and advantages of research, toward the finish of the investigation when they needed to cut the procedure on the 6th day, the scientists held experience meetings with the subjects to perceive how the examination changed their sentiments and how the circumstance influenced them. (Fitzgerald, pp 48-53)Given these realities, I feel that the investigation has conformed to the moral norms, expected to play out an examination that will secure the subjects. Despite the fact that the subjects especially the detainees endured elevated level of tension, they were appropriately guided before the beginning of the trial. They were paid for their interest and after the trial they were given experience meetings to allow the subjects to voice out their feelings in regards to the test and to communicate the stifled feelings they had during the experiment.Though the example populace utilized was ast oundingly little, the analysis was as yet ready to make an image of what occurs, all things considered, detainment facilities. It filled in as a little scope portrayal of the genuine circumstance in detainment facilities wherein detainees experience the ill effects of extraordinary nervousness and turmoil inside penitentiaries, while prison watches then again build up an outrageous feeling of power which they misuse and thus, adjusts their character. The outcomes are intelligent of the circumstance in jails like Attica, wherein the requests of the detainees is simply to just regard them as people. The examination has demonstrated how detainment facilities dehumanize detainees, how establishments like this who should show law violators how to have human sentiments have absent them of this fundamental principle.The explore is presently utilized as reason for the present circumstance in Iraq, and how political detainees are being dealt with, and furthermore on specific zones wherein de tainees are being embarrassed and without their rights.The test depends on an observational, accomplice study, wherein haphazardly chose people are set on a circumstance which is absolutely new to the entirety of the subjects, and in the process are put under sharp perception to survey how the subjects have changed by the circumstance that they were placed in. The components being watched are about the progressions that the gatherings may create over the span of the experiment.As expressed in the test, the people picked to become as subjects of the trial were picked among numerous other who needed to play the job in the wake of being exposed to a few mental questionings. After they were picked, two gatherings were made, nine for each gathering to become detainees and watchmen. No control variable or obstruction from the agents was utilized. Just the genuine encounters inside the set-up prison was being taken represented. The analysis notwithstanding, yielded results that however wer e normal, it came in such a brief timeframe. In two days, scarcely even 50% of the examination, the two gatherings: gatekeepers and detainees, have created as feeling of reality towards their circumstance. The gatekeepers have gone about as genuine watchmen, attempting to smother the detainees and built up a feeling of maltreatment with the position given to them. Then again, the detainees acted and felt as detainees, they were peeled off their actual personality and consumed the uneasiness and anguish of being left in control, with weight and time misshaping factors being predominant in the activity.The accomplishment of the analysis in delineating genuine circumstance in penitentiaries can fill in as a premise to survey maltreatment of intensity against detainees and a how a framework for reconstruction can be made to free the states of detainees and censure the specialists who misuse their forces inside jail grounds. The impact of the examination was sudden to such an extent that in an insignificant six days, standard understudies were changed into their not normal qualities (Zimbardo). Considering this, we could simply envision how genuine detainees have been experiencing genuine watchmen who have completely retained their job as â€Å"agents of criminal justice.†Thus the test lies on the most proficient method to change this framework. An adjustment in framework that will dispose of the thought of penitentiaries as heck, and make it a spot that is helpful for change and remorse.The analyze has experienced the procedure and has demonstrated the premise of their theory, that, all things considered, detainment facilities don't go about as a vehicle for change. This test fill in as

Biography of Psychologist Robert Sternberg

Biography of Psychologist Robert Sternberg June 13, 2019 AnonMoos / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Robert Jeffrey Sternberg is an American psychologist known for his theories on love, intelligence, and creativity. He was born in New Jersey on December 9, 1949. Sternbergs interest in psychology began early in life. After suffering from test anxiety and doing poorly on an exam, he realized that the test was not an accurate measure of his actual knowledge and abilities. When he retook the same test in a different room with a group of younger students, he found that he felt more confident and was scored much higher as a result. The next year, Sternberg developed his very first intelligence test, which he named the Sternberg Test of Mental Ability (STOMA). His later academic experiences further demonstrated that standard tests were often poor measures of mental abilities. He actually performed so poorly in his Introductory Psychology class that his professor advised him to pursue a different major. Undeterred, Sternberg went on to graduate from Yale with a bachelors in psychology in 1972 and earned his Ph.D. from Stanford in 1975. Career After earning his degree, Sternberg returned to Yale as a professor of psychology. He later became the Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University. He was a professor of psychology at Oklahoma State University, and later president and professor of psychology and education at the University of Wyoming. He is currently professor of human development in the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. Sternberg is perhaps best known for his research on intelligence, love, cognitive styles and creativity. His triarchic theory of intelligence focuses on what he refers to as successful intelligence which is composed of three elements: analytical intelligence (or problem-solving abilities), creative intelligence (using prior knowledge and skills to deal with new situations) and practical intelligence (the ability to adapt to a changing world). Successfully intelligent people discern their strengths and weaknesses, and then figure out how to capitalize on their strengths, and to compensate for or remediate their weaknesses, Sternberg writes. Successfully intelligent individuals succeed in part because they achieve a functional balance among a triarchy of abilities… Moreover, all of these abilities can be further developed. Sternberg is also known for his research on love. His triangular theory of love identifies commitment, passion, and intimacy as the three main components of love. When these three elements are combined in various ways, they result in different types of love. For example, passionate love is composed of passion and intimacy, while compassionate love is a mix of intimacy and commitment. Contributions to Psychology Sternberg served as the President of the American Psychological Association in 2003 and has won numerous awards including the Distinguished Scholar Award from the National Association for Gifted Children in 1985, the James McKeen Cattell Award from the American Psychological Society in 1999 and the E.L. Thorndike Award for Achievement in Educational Psychology from the APA in 2003. He also has written more than 1,600 articles, book chapters and books have been awarded 13 honorary doctorates. He was listed by the APA as one of the top 100 psychologists of the 20th century and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Education. In addition to his research, teaching and university work, Sternberg is also a prolific writer. The following selected works represent just a small sampling of his work: Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Successful Intelligence. New York: Simon Schuster. (Paperback edition: New York: Dutton, 1997). Sternberg, R. J., Spear-Swerling, L. (1996). Teaching for Thinking. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Thinking Styles. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sternberg, R. J. (1999). The Theory of Successful Intelligence. Review of General Psychology, 3, 292-316 Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L. (2000). Teaching for Successful Intelligence. Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight Training and Publishing Inc. Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. New York: Cambridge University Press. Robert Sternberg. Human Intelligence.

Disaster Recovery - 1955 Words

The Admitting System Crashes Patricia Hampton Dr. Allen HSA315 August 24, 2011 Identify at least three steps that the CIO could have taken to reduce the likelihood of the system failure. The chief information officer is the executive who manages the IT department and leads the organization in their efforts to develop and advance IT strategies. The role of the CIO in health care organizations is to: set visions and strategies, integrate information technology for business success, and make changes when necessary, build technological confidence, partner with customers, ensure information technology talent, and build networks and community. They should also establish and maintain good working relationships with the members of the†¦show more content†¦Another key change that JRMC could make is having a viable backup copy of the database. This would help the organization if failure were to occur again and also save them from performing a full database recovery. What factors did the Root Cause analysis reveal that contributed to the system failure problem? First, root cause analysis (RCA) is a problem solving method used to identify the root cause of a problem or event. The practice is believed to work best when attempting to address, correct, or eliminate root causes as opposed to simple addressing the immediate symptoms. By identifying the root cause of a problem, it can create effective corrective actions that can possible prevent that problem from ever recurring. The analysis is performed after the event or problem occurs, but it can also be used as a pro-active method (Bellinger, 2004). As stated in the case study, JRMC had a scheduled performance test being done on December 20, which caused them to take down the link between the main data center and the disaster recovery center. This is a routine test that should not cause any problems, but on December 21, JRMC lost power to the disaster recovery center. Emergency power was insta ntly put in place to get the disaster recovery center up and running. Losing power to the disaster recovery center is not good because the disaster recovery center is what the organization uses if the main data center goes down. As a precaution, a backup wasShow MoreRelatedDisaster Recovery639 Words   |  3 PagesDisaster recovery plans allows and gives the opportunity to a business to be able to recoup from any number of disasters, whether it may be a natural disaster or a fault of equipment to include power loss. These plans can be fairly basic with a goal and summary of what is to happen in the event of a disaster, to intensely involved and well spelled out plans that break down the summary, personal, intent, goal, and a timeline of events to follow. While disasters are unforeseen events that a businessRead MoreDisaster Recovery1475 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Madness Disaster Recovery Plan Overview By Loki Consulting, Inc. Iris Morgan Heather German Gwen Northrup EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Loki Consulting, Inc. was established in 1997 as a result of Hurricane Fran. Many businesses were devastated by the storm due to the absence of a disaster recovery plan. Realizing the need for disaster recovery consultation, Loki Consulting, Inc. was created to provide businesses with expert knowledge on implementing a critical component of any organizationRead MoreDisaster Recovery Plan1817 Words   |  7 Pages Disaster Recovery Plan Disasters are unavoidable within businesses and organizations alike. Disasters not only affect the business and organizational continuity, it will also result in a major modification of the organization’s operational mechanisms (Awasthy, 2009). Businesses now prepare a business continuity plan and a disaster recovery plan because of these reasons so that they may simplify the disaster management when next one occurs. 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Having a disaster recovery plan marks the difference between organizations that can successfully manage crises with minimal cost, effort and with maximum speed, and those organizations that cannot. By having back-up plans, not only for equipment and network recovery, but also detailed disaster recovery plans that precisely outline what stepsRead MoreEssay on Disaster Recovery Plan2302 Words   |  10 PagesDisaster Recovery Plan Student’s name: Tutor’s name: Course title: Date Introduction Disasters have become an inevitable part of businesses and organizations as well. They not only have a major effect on business and organizational continuity; they also result to an overhaul in organizational operational mechanisms (Awasthy, 2009). It is for this reason that many organizations and business resort to preparing business continuity plans and disaster recovery plans that will facilitateRead MorePrepared And Implement A Disaster Recovery Plan775 Words   |  4 PagesPrepared and implement a disaster recovery plan. The value of a Disaster Recovery or control plan is the ability to react to a threat or event swiftly and efficiently. This can be achieved when a department has informed staff, disaster supplies and planned procedures. 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The Story By Naigub Mahfouz - 1727 Words

Zaabalawi presents the case of returning to one’s roots and seeking a reconnection with the earlier forms of existence. It takes personal conviction from an individual in order to pursue their greater self and realization. On one perspective, the narrator (an ill man who desperately searches for a miracle worker to cure him) is in pursuit to achieve the mystical Islamic Zaabalawi. On the other perspective, the narrator’s pursuit appears as a search for piety, God, and mystical experience. One of the two perspectives depicts the search for inner peace while the other depicts the search for a great physician. Therefore, one of the search is necessitated by the illness while the other is an urge to return to the roots. The short story by†¦show more content†¦Foremost, in the interpretation of the story it appears that the pursuit of Zaabalawi is a symbolic term. The term in this case represents the journey that an individual can take into their soul and search for inner peace thus quenching their spiritual thirst. The term may also represent the idea of soul searching and separating oneself from the world in order to return to their traditions. The return to traditions involves tracing back the events that the ancestors practiced and replacing the modern actions with the ancient approaches. The narrator in this situation is a young man who later on may be referred to as the protagonist. The young man, the narrator, has set on a quest to find a cure for a disturbing illness. From the start, an allusion appears to the myth, which is Zaabalawi. The narrator seeks to understand from the father, â€Å"Who is Zaabalawi †¦ ?† (Mahfouz p.3). Dialogue between the narrator who is the protagonist in this case and his father continues with more allusion towards Zaabalawi. Furthermore, the allusion provides an in-depth depiction of the symbolism used in the short narrative. According to the response offered by the father, Zaabalawi is an icon ic figure who holds the power to bless an individual. Additionally, the description offered by the father to the protagonist depicts Zaabalawi as a saint of God who has the ability to remove troubles and the inner worries of man. The ability to find inner peace is the

A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-six Free Essays

string(27) " say he had you as a gift\." Daenerys The Horse Gate of Vaes Dothrak was made of two gigantic bronze stallions, rearing, their hooves meeting a hundred feet above the roadway to form a pointed arch. Dany could not have said why the city needed a gate when it had no walls . . We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-six or any similar topic only for you Order Now . and no buildings that she could see. Yet there it stood, immense and beautiful, the great horses framing the distant purple mountain beyond. The bronze stallions threw long shadows across the waving grasses as Khal Drogo led the khalasar under their hooves and down the godsway, his bloodriders beside him. Dany followed on her silver, escorted by Ser Jorah Mormont and her brother Viserys, mounted once more. After the day in the grass when she had left him to walk back to the khalasar, the Dothraki had laughingly called him Khal Rhae Mhar, the Sorefoot King. Khal Drogo had offered him a place in a cart the next day, and Viserys had accepted. In his stubborn ignorance, he had not even known he was being mocked; the carts were for eunuchs, cripples, women giving birth, the very young and the very old. That won him yet another name: Khal Rhaggat, the Cart King. Her brother had thought it was the khal’s way of apologizing for the wrong Dany had done him. She had begged Ser Jorah not to tell him the truth, lest he be shamed. The knight had replied that the king could well do with a bit of shame . . . yet he had done as she bid. It had taken much pleading, and all the pillow tricks Doreah had taught her, before Dany had been able to make Drogo relent and allow Viserys to rejoin them at the head of the column. â€Å"Where is the city?† she asked as they passed beneath the bronze arch. There were no buildings to be seen, no people, only the grass and the road, lined with ancient monuments from all the lands the Dothraki had sacked over the centuries. â€Å"Ahead,† Ser Jorah answered. â€Å"Under the mountain.† Beyond the horse gate, plundered gods and stolen heroes loomed to either side of them. The forgotten deities of dead cities brandished their broken thunderbolts at the sky as Dany rode her silver past their feet. Stone kings looked down on her from their thrones, their faces chipped and stained, even their names lost in the mists of time. Lithe young maidens danced on marble plinths, draped only in flowers, or poured air from shattered jars. Monsters stood in the grass beside the road; black iron dragons with jewels for eyes, roaring griffins, manticores with their barbed tails poised to strike, and other beasts she could not name. Some of the statues were so lovely they took her breath away, others so misshapen and terrible that Dany could scarcely bear to look at them. Those, Ser Jorah said, had likely come from the Shadow Lands beyond Asshai. â€Å"So many,† she said as her silver stepped slowly onward, â€Å"and from so many lands.† Viserys was less impressed. â€Å"The trash of dead cities,† he sneered. He was careful to speak in the Common Tongue, which few Dothraki could understand, yet even so Dany found herself glancing back at the men of her khas, to make certain he had not been overheard. He went on blithely. â€Å"All these savages know how to do is steal the things better men have built . . . and kill.† He laughed. â€Å"They do know how to kill. Otherwise I’d have no use for them at all.† â€Å"They are my people now,† Dany said. â€Å"You should not call them savages, brother.† â€Å"The dragon speaks as he likes,† Viserys said . . . in the Common Tongue. He glanced over his shoulder at Aggo and Rakharo, riding behind them, and favored them with a mocking smile. â€Å"See, the savages lack the wit to understand the speech of civilized men.† A moss-eaten stone monolith loomed over the road, fifty feet tall. Viserys gazed at it with boredom in his eyes. â€Å"How long must we linger amidst these ruins before Drogo gives me my army? I grow tired of waiting.† â€Å"The princess must be presented to the dosh khaleen . . . â€Å" â€Å"The crones, yes,† her brother interrupted, â€Å"and there’s to be some mummer’s show of a prophecy for the whelp in her belly, you told me. What is that to me? I’m tired of eating horsemeat and I’m sick of the stink of these savages.† He sniffed at the wide, floppy sleeve of his tunic, where it was his custom to keep a sachet. It could not have helped much. The tunic was filthy. All the silk and heavy wools that Viserys had worn out of Pentos were stained by hard travel and rotted from sweat. Ser Jorah Mormont said, â€Å"The Western Market will have food more to your taste, Your Grace. The traders from the Free Cities come there to sell their wares. The khal will honor his promise in his own time.† â€Å"He had better,† Viserys said grimly. â€Å"I was promised a crown, and I mean to have it. The dragon is not mocked.† Spying an obscene likeness of a woman with six breasts and a ferret’s head, he rode off to inspect it more closely. Dany was relieved, yet no less anxious. â€Å"I pray that my sun-and-stars will not keep him waiting too long,† she told Ser Jorah when her brother was out of earshot. The knight looked after Viserys doubtfully. â€Å"Your brother should have bided his time in Pentos. There is no place for him in a khalasar. Illyrio tried to warn him.† â€Å"He will go as soon as he has his ten thousand. My lord husband promised a golden crown.† Ser Jorah grunted. â€Å"Yes, Khaleesi, but . . . the Dothraki look on these things differently than we do in the west. I have told him as much, as Illyrio told him, but your brother does not listen. The horselords are no traders. Viserys thinks he sold you, and now he wants his price. Yet Khal Drogo would say he had you as a gift. You read "A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-six" in category "Essay examples" He will give Viserys a gift in return, yes . . . in his own time. You do not demand a gift, not of a khal. You do not demand anything of a khal.† â€Å"It is not right to make him wait.† Dany did not know why she was defending her brother, yet she was. â€Å"Viserys says he could sweep the Seven Kingdoms with ten thousand Dothraki screamers.† Ser Jorah snorted. â€Å"Viserys could not sweep a stable with ten thousand brooms.† Dany could not pretend to surprise at the disdain in his tone. â€Å"What . . . what if it were not Viserys?† she asked. â€Å"If it were someone else who led them? Someone stronger? Could the Dothraki truly conquer the Seven Kingdoms?† Ser Jorah’s face grew thoughtful as their horses trod together down the godsway. â€Å"When I first went into exile, I looked at the Dothraki and saw half-naked barbarians, as wild as their horses. If you had asked me then, Princess, I should have told you that a thousand good knights would have no trouble putting to flight a hundred times as many Dothraki.† â€Å"But if I asked you now?† â€Å"Now,† the knight said, â€Å"I am less certain. They are better riders than any knight, utterly fearless, and their bows outrange ours. In the Seven Kingdoms, most archers fight on foot, from behind a shieldwall or a barricade of sharpened stakes. The Dothraki fire from horseback, charging or retreating, it makes no matter, they are full as deadly . . . and there are so many of them, my lady. Your lord husband alone counts forty thousand mounted warriors in his khalasar.† â€Å"Is that truly so many?† â€Å"Your brother Rhaegar brought as many men to the Trident,† Ser Jorah admitted, â€Å"but of that number, no more than a tenth were knights. The rest were archers, freeriders, and foot soldiers armed with spears and pikes. When Rhaegar fell, many threw down their weapons and fled the field. How long do you imagine such a rabble would stand against the charge of forty thousand screamers howling for blood? How well would boiled leather jerkins and mailed shirts protect them when the arrows fall like rain?† â€Å"Not long,† she said, â€Å"not well.† He nodded. â€Å"Mind you, Princess, if the lords of the Seven Kingdoms have the wit the gods gave a goose, it will never come to that. The riders have no taste for siegecraft. I doubt they could take even the weakest castle in the Seven Kingdoms, but if Robert Baratheon were fool enough to give them battle . . . â€Å" â€Å"Is he?† Dany asked. â€Å"A fool, I mean?† Ser Jorah considered that for a moment. â€Å"Robert should have been born Dothraki,† he said at last. â€Å"Your khal would tell you that only a coward hides behind stone walls instead of facing his enemy with a blade in hand. The Usurper would agree. He is a strong man, brave . . . and rash enough to meet a Dothraki horde in the open field. But the men around him, well, their pipers play a different tune. His brother Stannis, Lord Tywin Lannister, Eddard Stark . . . † He spat. â€Å"You hate this Lord Stark,† Dany said. â€Å"He took from me all I loved, for the sake of a few lice-ridden poachers and his precious honor,† Ser Jorah said bitterly. From his tone, she could tell the loss still pained him. He changed the subject quickly. â€Å"There,† he announced, pointing. â€Å"Vaes Dothrak. The city of the horselords.† Khal Drogo and his bloodriders led them through the great bazaar of the Western Market, down the broad ways beyond. Dany followed close on her silver, staring at the strangeness about her. Vaes Dothrak was at once the largest city and the smallest that she had ever known. She thought it must be ten times as large as Pentos, a vastness without walls or limits, its broad windswept streets paved in grass and mud and carpeted with wildflowers. In the Free Cities of the west, towers and manses and hovels and bridges and shops and halls all crowded in on one another, but Vaes Dothrak sprawled languorously, baking in the warm sun, ancient, arrogant, and empty. Even the buildings were so queer to her eyes. She saw carved stone pavilions, manses of woven grass as large as castles, rickety wooden towers, stepped pyramids faced with marble, log halls open to the sky. In place of walls, some palaces were surrounded by thorny hedges. â€Å"None of them are alike,† she said. â€Å"Your brother had part of the truth,† Ser Jorah admitted. â€Å"The Dothraki do not build. A thousand years ago, to make a house, they would dig a hole in the earth and cover it with a woven grass roof. The buildings you see were made by slaves brought here from lands they’ve plundered, and they built each after the fashion of their own peoples.† Most of the halls, even the largest, seemed deserted. â€Å"Where are the people who live here?† Dany asked. The bazaar had been full of running children and men shouting, but elsewhere she had seen only a few eunuchs going about their business. â€Å"Only the crones of the dosh khaleen dwell permanently in the sacred city, them and their slaves and servants,† Ser Jorah replied, â€Å"yet Vaes Dothrak is large enough to house every man of every khalasar, should all the khals return to the Mother at once. The crones have prophesied that one day that will come to pass, and so Vaes Dothrak must be ready to embrace all its children.† Khal Drogo finally called a halt near the Eastern Market where the caravans from Yi Ti and Asshai and the Shadow Lands came to trade, with the Mother of Mountains looming overhead. Dany smiled as she recalled Magister Illyrio’s slave girl and her talk of a palace with two hundred rooms and doors of solid silver. The â€Å"palace† was a cavernous wooden feasting hall, its rough-hewn timbered walls rising forty feet, its roof sewn silk, a vast billowing tent that could be raised to keep out the rare rains, or lowered to admit the endless sky. Around the hall were broad grassy horse yards fenced with high hedges, firepits, and hundreds of round earthen houses that bulged from the ground like miniature hills, covered with grass. A small army of slaves had gone ahead to prepare for Khal Drogo’s arrival. As each rider swung down from his saddle, he unbelted his arakh and handed it to a waiting slave, and any other weapons he carried as well. Even Khal Drogo himself was not exempt. Ser Jorah had explained that it was forbidden to carry a blade in Vaes Dothrak, or to shed a free man’s blood. Even warring khalasars put aside their feuds and shared meat and mead together when they were in sight of the Mother of Mountains. In this place, the crones of the dosh khaleen had decreed, all Dothraki were one blood, one khalasar, one herd. Cohollo came to Dany as Irri and Jhiqui were helping her down off her silver. He was the oldest of Drogo’s three bloodriders, a squat bald man with a crooked nose and a mouth full of broken teeth, shattered by a mace twenty years before when he saved the young khalakka from sellswords who hoped to sell him to his father’s enemies. His life had been bound to Drogo’s the day her lord husband was born. Every khal had his bloodriders. At first Dany had thought of them as a kind of Dothraki Kingsguard, sworn to protect their lord, but it went further than that. Jhiqui had taught her that a bloodrider was more than a guard; they were the khal’s brothers, his shadows, his fiercest friends. â€Å"Blood of my blood,† Drogo called them, and so it was; they shared a single life. The ancient traditions of the horselords demanded that when the khal died, his bloodriders died with him, to ride at his side in the night lands. If the khal died at the hands of some enemy, they lived only long enough to avenge him, and then followed him joyfully into the grave. In some khalasars, Jhiqui said, the bloodriders shared the khal’s wine, his tent, and even his wives, though never his horses. A man’s mount was his own. Daenerys was glad that Khal Drogo did not hold to those ancient ways. She should not have liked being shared. And while old Cohollo treated her kindly enough, the others frightened her; Haggo, huge and silent, often glowered as if he had forgotten who she was, and Qotho had cruel eyes and quick hands that liked to hurt. He left bruises on Doreah’s soft white skin whenever he touched her, and sometimes made Irri sob in the night. Even his horses seemed to fear him. Yet they were bound to Drogo for life and death, so Daenerys had no choice but to accept them. And sometimes she found herself wishing her father had been protected by such men. In the songs, the white knights of the Kingsguard were ever noble, valiant, and true, and yet King Aerys had been murdered by one of them, the handsome boy they now called the Kingslayer, and a second, Ser Barristan the Bold, had gone over to the Usurper. She wondered if all men were as false in the Seven Kingdoms. When her son sat the Iron Throne, she would see that he had bloodriders of his own to protect him against treachery in his Kingsguard. â€Å"Khaleesi,† Cohollo said to her, in Dothraki. â€Å"Drogo, who is blood of my blood, commands me to tell you that he must ascend the Mother of Mountains this night, to sacrifice to the gods for his safe return.† Only men were allowed to set foot on the Mother, Dany knew. The khal’s bloodriders would go with him, and return at dawn. â€Å"Tell my sun-and-stars that I dream of him, and wait anxious for his return,† she replied, thankful. Dany tired more easily as the child grew within her; in truth, a night of rest would be most welcome. Her pregnancy only seemed to have inflamed Drogo’s desire for her, and of late his embraces left her exhausted. Doreah led her to the hollow hill that had been prepared for her and her khal. It was cool and dim within, like a tent made of earth. â€Å"Jhiqui, a bath, please,† she commanded, to wash the dust of travel from her skin and soak her weary bones. It was pleasant to know that they would linger here for a while, that she would not need to climb back on her silver on the morrow. The water was scalding hot, as she liked it. â€Å"I will give my brother his gifts tonight,† she decided as Jhiqui was washing her hair. â€Å"He should look a king in the sacred city. Doreah, run and find him and invite him to sup with me.† Viserys was nicer to the Lysene girl than to her Dothraki handmaids, perhaps because Magister Illyrio had let him bed her back in Pentos. â€Å"Irri, go to the bazaar and buy fruit and meat. Anything but horseflesh.† â€Å"Horse is best,† Irri said. â€Å"Horse makes a man strong.† â€Å"Viserys hates horsemeat.† â€Å"As you say, Khaleesi.† She brought back a haunch of goat and a basket of fruits and vegetables. Jhiqui roasted the meat with sweetgrass and firepods, basting it with honey as it cooked, and there were melons and pomegranates and plums and some queer eastern fruit Dany did not know. While her handmaids prepared the meal, Dany laid out the clothing she’d had made to her brother’s measure: a tunic and leggings of crisp white linen, leather sandals that laced up to the knee, a bronze medallion belt, a leather vest painted with fire-breathing dragons. The Dothraki would respect him more if he looked less a beggar, she hoped, and perhaps he would forgive her for shaming him that day in the grass. He was still her king, after all, and her brother. They were both blood of the dragon. She was arranging the last of his gifts—a sandsilk cloak, green as grass, with a pale grey border that would bring out the silver in his hair—when Viserys arrived, dragging Doreah by the arm. Her eye was red where he’d hit her. â€Å"How dare you send this whore to give me commands,† he said. He shoved the handmaid roughly to the carpet. The anger took Dany utterly by surprise. â€Å"I only wanted . . . Doreah, what did you say?† â€Å"Khaleesi, pardons, forgive me. I went to him, as you bid, and told him you commanded him to join you for supper.† â€Å"No one commands the dragon,† Viserys snarled. â€Å"I am your king! I should have sent you back her head!† The Lysene girl quailed, but Dany calmed her with a touch. â€Å"Don’t be afraid, he won’t hurt you. Sweet brother, please, forgive her, the girl misspoke herself, I told her to ask you to sup with me, if it pleases Your Grace.† She took him by the hand and drew him across the room. â€Å"Look. These are for you.† Viserys frowned suspiciously. â€Å"What is all this?† â€Å"New raiment. I had it made for you.† Dany smiled shyly. He looked at her and sneered. â€Å"Dothraki rags. Do you presume to dress me now?† â€Å"Please . . . you’ll be cooler and more comfortable, and I thought . . . maybe if you dressed like them, the Dothraki . . . † Dany did not know how to say it without waking his dragon. â€Å"Next you’ll want to braid my hair.† â€Å"I’d never . . . † Why was he always so cruel? She had only wanted to help. â€Å"You have no right to a braid, you have won no victories yet.† It was the wrong thing to say. Fury shone from his lilac eyes, yet he dared not strike her, not with her handmaids watching and the warriors of her khas outside. Viserys picked up the cloak and sniffed at it. â€Å"This stinks of manure. Perhaps I shall use it as a horse blanket.† â€Å"I had Doreah sew it specially for you,† she told him, wounded. â€Å"These are garments fit for a khal.† â€Å"I am the Lord of the Seven Kingdoms, not some grass-stained savage with bells in his hair,† Viserys spat back at her. He grabbed her arm. â€Å"You forget yourself, slut. Do you think that big belly will protect you if you wake the dragon?† His fingers dug into her arm painfully and for an instant Dany felt like a child again, quailing in the face of his rage. She reached out with her other hand and grabbed the first thing she touched, the belt she’d hoped to give him, a heavy chain of ornate bronze medallions. She swung it with all her strength. It caught him full in the face. Viserys let go of her. Blood ran down his cheek where the edge of one of the medallions had sliced it open. â€Å"You are the one who forgets himself,† Dany said to him. â€Å"Didn’t you learn anything that day in the grass? Leave me now, before I summon my khas to drag you out. And pray that Khal Drogo does not hear of this, or he will cut open your belly and feed you your own entrails.† Viserys scrambled back to his feet. â€Å"When I come into my kingdom, you will rue this day, slut.† He walked off, holding his torn face, leaving her gifts behind him. Drops of his blood had spattered the beautiful sandsilk cloak. Dany clutched the soft cloth to her cheek and sat cross-legged on her sleeping mats. â€Å"Your supper is ready, Khaleesi,† Jhiqui announced. â€Å"I’m not hungry,† Dany said sadly. She was suddenly very tired. â€Å"Share the food among yourselves, and send some to Ser Jorah, if you would.† After a moment she added, â€Å"Please, bring me one of the dragon’s eggs.† Irri fetched the egg with the deep green shell, bronze flecks shining amid its scales as she turned it in her small hands. Dany curled up on her side, pulling the sandsilk cloak across her and cradling the egg in the hollow between her swollen belly and small, tender breasts. She liked to hold them. They were so beautiful, and sometimes just being close to them made her feel stronger, braver, as if somehow she were drawing strength from the stone dragons locked inside. She was lying there, holding the egg, when she felt the child move within her . . . as if he were reaching out, brother to brother, blood to blood. â€Å"You are the dragon,† Dany whispered to him, â€Å"the true dragon. I know it. I know it.† And she smiled, and went to sleep dreaming of home. How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-six, Essay examples

The Environmental Issues and Unsustainable Tourism

Introduction Environmental concerns have taken the centre stage in economic debates since the late 1960. In many cases, the economic debates focus on productive and exhaustible resources. Moreover, the current debates touch on natural resources, and try to determine the economic benefits of the environment and impacts of its overuse, pollution, and degradation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Environmental Issues and Unsustainable Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environment, quality of life, and economic activities are interdependent. To lead a quality life and to engage in productive economic activities, we need to have a sustainable environment. One of the economic activities that depend on the environment is tourism. Natural resources like lakes, mountains, beaches, rivers, and cities are the main sources of tourism attraction. Any exhaustion of these assets might slow down the development of tou rism business. Tourism exerts pressure to natural and synthetic resources and poses a threat to the environment. Cooper et al. posit, â€Å"In view of the fact that tourists have to visit the place of production in order to consume the output, it is inevitable that tourism activity is associated with environmental impacts† (1998, p. 149). Apart from exerting pressure on the natural environment, tourism also exerts pressure on the cultural environment leading to ruin of cultural practices and values of the communities living in the developing countries. Because of scarce financial and knowledge resources, developing countries are unable to meet the required environmental standards. Given the modern level of environmental concerns, tourism in the developing world is unsustainable. This paper will focus on some of the environmental issues that make tourism in developing countries unsustainable. Sustainable tourism The world Tourism Organization (WTO) describes sustainable touris m as â€Å"Tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems† (2002, p. 7). Since natural resources make up the main source of tourist attraction, states should factor in sustainability when developing their tourism industries. In addition, as many residents and tourists become aware of the importance of sustainable tourism, they are forcing the government and tourism firms to engage in activities that guarantee sustainability. Currently, countries and tourism firms are adopting the idea of ‘viable tourism’ to enhance sustainability.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main snag that is affecting tourism in developing countries is environmental depletion. Government an d tourism firms are working hard to see that they come up with environmentally friendly tourism activities (Williams Shaw 2003). Today, developing countries have established environmental regulations that the tourism industry ought to follow. Nevertheless, complexity and fragmentation of the tourism industry make it hard for countries to enforce the regulations. How environmental concerns affect tourism Indisputably, tourism is a leading source of revenue and employment, particularly in the developing countries. Nevertheless, tourism is a business that depends on the frailest cultural and natural environments. Any innocent and trivial human action might cause problems to the existing environmental resources. This challenges sustainable tourism in the majority of the developing countries. Philippines are one of the developing states that depend on tourism (Alampay 2007). The country considers tourism as one of its crucial economic weapons. Nevertheless, the tourism industry, togethe r with the Philippines’ tourist markets has become more conscious of the depressing environmental costs that result from tourism development. This has made it hard for the country to achieve sustainable tourism since it requires adopting novel development techniques, which would yield environmentally sensitive tourism products. Such techniques are extremely expensive for a developing country like Philippines. Williams and Shaw (2003) allege that the growth of tourism in the developing countries has led to the countries experiencing immense environmental problems. For these countries to attain sustainable tourism, they should address the environmental concerns facing them. Tourism has resulted in depletion of numerous natural resources, environmental pollution, and has endangered a number of natural resources. Efforts by the developing countries to address these challenges bear no substantial results since the countries lack adequate financial capital and technological experti se (Williams Shaw 2003). It becomes hard for the countries to attain sustainable tourism as tourists stop visiting the countries gradually as resources are depleted.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Environmental Issues and Unsustainable Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the environmental challenges that tourism poses to the majority of countries across the globe, countries came together to formulate policies that would help to mitigate poor exploitation of natural resources. Presently, numerous international conventions and protocols that aim to help in environmental conservation are in place. In 1992, countries assembled in Rio Brazil and came up with guidelines that all countries ought to follow to attain sustainable tourism and environmental conservation (Wong 2000). Currently, institutions bestowed with the responsibility of conserving the environment, like United Nations Environmenta l Programme (UNEP) call for all countries to be conscious of the environment when developing their tourism industries. In many developing countries, tourism development is highly polarised leading to environmental challenges. The countries are unable to improve the quality of life for the visiting tourists as well as the local people. This threatens the sustainability of the tourism industry (Williams Shaw 2003). Besides the depletion of natural resources, tourism imposes pressure on resources like water, food, and energy. Moreover, it contributes to littering of the environment with solid waste. In countries like South Africa, tourism has triggered deforestation as investors construct tourism facilities. This has led to UNEP commanding the South African government to stop further depletion of environment in the name of tourism development. With the current emphasis on environmental conservation, it would be extremely hard for South Africa to attain sustainable tourism. In South Af rica, the tourism industry is already posing a serious threat to water resources in the coastal region as well as leading to pollution of the natural beaches. The pollution is posing a threat to marine life and as well as to the community, that lives around the ocean. The cost of maintaining these beaches is high relative to revenues obtained from the tourism industry. Consequently, as South Africa is under pressure to conserve the environment, it would be hard for the country to strike a balance between environmental conservation and sustainable tourism (Cooper et al. 1998). The same tourists that contribute to environmental degradation consider environmental factors when identifying the place to visit. South Africa struggles to maintain its natural beaches, which suffer from pollution.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Failure to maintain the beaches would lead to the country losing many tourists. Unfortunately, the same tourists that are particularly concerned about the environment are responsible for beach pollution. The country faces challenges in striking a balance between tourism and environmental conservation along the coast. If this trend continues, it will be hard for the South African government and private investors to sustain tourism activities at the coastal areas (Brierton 2003). In a majority of the developing countries, tourism industry is facing a serious threat due to climatic changes. Currently, global warming is high in the majority of the developing countries. Areas that were once tourist attraction sites, now suffer from perennial floods and diseases. Many people opt to tour certain countries hoping to enjoy a comfortable environment and beautiful sceneries (Hashimoto 1999). Nevertheless, the situation is changing in the majority of the developing countries. Environmental conc erns are leading to some countries slowing down their endeavour to develop the tourism industry. For instance, in Maldives Island, environmental challenges are frustrating the effort to achieve sustainable tourism. Tourism activities have contributed to increase in sea level within the island. In return, it has become hard to sustain tourism industry in Maldives Island. Hall (2008) and Scott, McBoyle and Schwartzentruber (2008) allege that developing countries in Africa, South America and the Caribbean do not understand the precise effects of environmental concerns on the tourism industry. Scott et al. Posit, â€Å"Tourists have the greatest capacity to adapt to the impacts of environmental changes, with relative freedom to avoid destinations impacted by environmental changes† (2008, p. 106). Personal safety, climate, travel cost, and natural environment are some of the factors that tourists consider when deciding which country to visit. One of the challenges that developing countries encounter is the inability to predict and deal with environmental changes (Hall 2008). Tourism industry in Kenya suffers from unpredictable weather changes, which pose a threat to tourists. As individuals and institutions wishing to invest in the tourism industry continue to emphasize on environmental conservation, developing countries like Kenya, which do not have the capacity to deal with natural catastrophes that affect the environment are unlikely to attain sustainable tourism. Since the majority of the developing countries lack long-term strategies for addressing environmental changes, majority of the investors are likely to direct their investments to developed countries. Majority of the developing countries depends on natural resources and cultural values as their main sources of tourist attraction. As tourists visit certain regions, these resources become scarce (Middleton Hawkins 2004). Moreover, they neutralize cultural values depriving the region its sole sourc e of tourist attraction. Paradoxically, when natural resources and local culture begin to die away, tourists feel robbed of their genuine experiences. Majority of the developing countries encourage mass arrival of tourists because it leads to increase in revenue. However, they do not understand that the influx leads to degradation of the cultural environment, which eventually renders some regions unattractive. As more tourists continue visiting African countries like South Africa and Kenya, many of the local communities continue adopting the western culture and abandoning their cultures, which act as the main sources of tourist attraction (Mihalic 2000). Hence, with time, it would be hard for developing countries like Kenya to continue witnessing large number of tourists who visit the country to share in its cultural environment. This underlines the reason why the Kenyan government encourages communities like the Maasai to uphold their cultures (Akama 2007). Conclusion Tourism indus try is one of the industries that support economic development in many developing countries. The countries invest heavily in the industry. However, increase in environmental concerns is frustrating the effort by developing countries to attain sustainable tourism. Majority of the tourist activities contributes to depletion of natural resources and cultural environment. Today, developing countries are under immense pressure to lower their rate of environmental pollution. These environmental concerns put the developing countries in a dilemma of conserving the environment and sacrificing the tourism industry or doing the opposite. Currently, the world countries have come up with regulations that outline the measures that both the developed and developing countries ought to take to conserve the environment. These measures prohibit the developing countries from engaging in activities that contribute to environmental pollution. Consequently, developing countries are unable to attain sustai nable tourism, as they are unable to satisfy all the environmental standards. Recommendations Tourism development contributes to environmental degradation, thus altering natural resources that act as the prime tourist attraction sites. Developing countries need to strike a balance between environmental conservation and tourism. In light of the current need to attain a balance between environmental conservation and tourism growth in the developing countries, the countries should ecolabel the tourism products. Ecolabeling refers to portraying tourism products and firms in a way that encourages tourists to be environmental conscious in all their actions. Besides, through ecolabeling, tourism companies educate tourists concerning the effects of their actions to the environment, in so doing making them adopt environmentally friendly actions. Developing countries may implement ecolabeling in tourism firms such as resorts, hotels and marinas to promote sustainable tourism. The countries ca n assign ecolabels to tourism enterprises they find to have limited effects on the environment. This would give the companies the responsibility of furnishing tourists with information concerning environmental policies they ought to observe when in their countries. This would help the tourists to make informed decisions when selecting the tourism products and services to use when in a country. Moreover, ecolabels would discourage tourists from relating with tourism firms that are not environmentally friendly. Hence, ecolabeling would help developing countries to conserve their environment and at the same time attain sustainable tourism. Reference List Akama, J 2007, ‘Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 26 no. 1, pp. 716–718. Alampay, R 2007, Sustainable tourism challenges for the Philippines. Web. Brierton, U 2003, ‘Tourism and the environment’, Contours, vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 18–19. Cooper, C, Fletcher, J, Gi lbert, D Wanhill, S 1998, Tourism Principles Practice, Longman, London. Hall, C 2008, ‘Tourism and climate change: Knowledge gaps and issues’, Tourism Recreation Research, vol. 33 no. 1, pp. 339-350. Hashimoto, A 1999, ‘Comparative evolutionary trends in environmental policy: Reflections on tourism development’, International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 195–216. Middleton, V Hawkins, R 2004, Sustainable tourism: A marketing perspective, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Mihalic, T 2000, ‘Environmental management of a tourist destination: A factor of tourism competitiveness’, Tourism Management, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 65–78. Scott, D, McBoyle, G Schwartzentruber, M 2008, ‘Climate change and the distribution of climatic resources for tourism in North America’, Climate Research, vol. 27 no. 2, pp. 105-117. Williams, A Shaw, G 2003, Tourism, and Economic Development, Belhaven Press, London. Wong, P 2000, Tourism vs. environment: The case for coastal areas, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. World Tourism Organization 2002, Contributions of the World Tourism Organization to the World Summit on Sustainable Development, World Trade Organization, Johannesburg. 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